A Novel Gene Encoding an Enzyme That Degrades a Polysaccharide from the Sheath of Sphaerotilus natans

A gene encoding an enzyme that is able to depolymerize the basic polysaccharide prepared from the sheath of Sphaerotilus natans was identified in a sheath-degrading bacterium, Paenibacillus koleovorans. The gene was constructed from 2217 bp coding for 738 amino acids, including the signal sequence of 34 amino acids. No closely related protein or gene was indicated by a homology search. The gene was expressed in Escherichia coli as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein. The fusion protein depolymerized the sheath polysaccharide into an oligosaccharide, introducing an unsaturated sugar residue, suggesting that the gene codes for a polysaccharide lyase acting on a basic polysaccharide.     

Spacer elongation and plagiotropic growth are the primary clonal strategies used by Vallisneria spiralis to acclimate to sedimentation

The aim of this study is to identify how submerged macrophyte Vallisneria spiralis acclimate to sedimentation by investigating the growth, biomass allocation and clonal characteristics in a greenhouse experiment of 30 days. Experimental treatments combined two sediment types (mud and sand) with four sedimentation depths (0, 2, 4 and 8 cm) in a factorial design. Biomass accumulation (0.98–1.33 versus 0.36 g per plant) and relative growth rate (RGR, 0.082–0.093 versus 0.046 g g⁻¹ day⁻¹) decreased only in the 8 cm sand treatment. Neither sedimentation depth nor sediment type influenced biomass allocation. The ratio of spacer length to biomass was significantly higher in the 8 cm sand (20.4 cm g⁻¹) than in other treatments (6.0–8.5 cm g⁻¹). Branching angles and the depths between ramet basal and sediment surface were only affected by sedimentation depth. Clonal ramets developed nearly vertical branching angles (ranged from 78° to 101°) in the 0 cm sedimentation treatment, but the angles of treated plants decreased at the initial 3–5 ramets (ranged from 68° to 78° at the first ramet level), then remained a relatively constant value (about 90°) in the following spacers. These data indicate that plagiotropic stolons were formed to project the ramets to sediment surface and to escape sedimentation stress primarily by elongating spacer length and decreasing branching angle, rather than by adjusting biomass allocation.     

大型沉水植物苦草的光谱特征识别

地物特征与其光谱特征的关系是解译遥感影像的关键.利用地物光谱仪在实验室和上海“梦清园”人工湿地中,分别实测了不同盖度沉水植物苦草的反射光谱特征.结果表明随着苦草盖度的增加,其光谱反射率也相应增加,不同盖度苦草的光谱反射率差异主要表现在500～650 nm和700～900 nm 波段范围.受水体环境影响,实验室模拟试验与室外控制试验测得的苦草光谱反射率差异主要表现在近红外波段（700～900 nm）.分别将苦草的不同盖度与其在QuickBird多光谱遥感影像4个波段与盖度相关性最大波段处的光谱反射率进行回归分析,得到了较好的线性关系.应用回归分析得到的线性方程,可以根据测定的光谱反射率定量反演水体中的苦草盖度.研究结果可为监测沉水植物的高光谱遥感影像判读和解译分类提供技术支撑,为大尺度遥感监测沉水植物的分布和动态变化提供科学依据.     

不同氮源对苦草(Vallisneria natans)生长及生理指标的影响

通过实验室静态模拟,研究了在富营养条件下(4.0 mg.L-1TN,0.2 mg.L-1TP)不同比例铵态氮和硝态氮(6∶0、5∶1、3∶3、1∶5和0∶6)对苦草〔Vallisneria natans(Lour.)Hara〕的生长与生理指标的影响。结果表明,随着铵态氮和硝态氮比例的下降,苦草相对生长率和蛋白质含量先升高后下降,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性逐渐下降,硝酸还原酶(NR)活性逐渐升高。在4.0 mg.L-1TN和0.2 mg.L-1TP条件下,若不考虑磷的作用,高浓度铵态氮对苦草的生理功能有影响,对其生长有明显的抑制作用;而当铵态氮浓度小于0.67 mg.L-1时却可以促进苦草的生长。     

General Properties of Endo-N-acetylmuramidase of Bacillus subtilis YT-25

The enzymatic behaviour, amino acid composition and some physical properties of a new endo-N-acetylmuramidase (B-enzyme) of Bacillus subtilis YT–25 were determined and compared with hen’s egg white lysozyme. The molecular weight was estimated to be about 13000 by the sedimentation equilibrium method. The isoelectric point was pH 9.8. The amino acid composition indicates that the enzyme is rich in basic amino acids, especially lysin. Maximal activity on the lysis of cell walls of M. lysodeikticus occurred at pH 6.2. The enzyme was stable at pH 3.5 ~ 6.0. The specific activity for the lysis of cell walls of M. lysodeikticus was less than fourth part of that of hen’s egg white lysozyme. Digest of cell walls of M. lysodeikticus with B-enzyme consisted greater numbers of high molecular products than digest with egg white lysozyme. Substrate specificity of B-enzyme seemed to be different from that of egg white lysozyme.     

沉水植物苦草化学成分研究

通过使用乙酸乙酯溶剂对沉水植物苦草（Vallisneria natans）全草进行超声连续提取,采用硅胶柱色谱法和光谱分析法分离和鉴定化学成分。从苦草中分离到6个化合物：6,10,14-三甲基-2-十五酮（1）、棕榈酸（2）、4,22-二烯-3β-豆甾酮（3）、5α,豆甾烷-3,6-二酮（4）、硬脂酸（5）、棕榈酸乙酯（6）。化合物1—6为首次从该植物中发现。     

鄱阳湖越冬白鹤在农业用地的食物组成

白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)是IUCN极危物种,全球仅存3 500～4 000只,其中约98%的个体在鄱阳湖越冬。以前白鹤在鄱阳湖主要在浅水生境挖掘苦草(Vallisneria spp.)的冬芽为食。然而,近年来农业用地已成为白鹤的重要觅食地。目前对于白鹤在农业用地的食物组成尚不清楚。本研究采用粪便显微镜检法对2017年11月至2018年4月采集的70份白鹤粪便样品进行分析。结果表明,白鹤的食物来源于10科15种植物,其中,水稻(Oryza sativa)、莲藕(Nelumbo nucifera)和紫云英(Astragalus sinicus)为最主要的食物,这3种植物在检测到的食物中的相对密度分别为34.34%、22.99%和10.61%,而白鹤的传统食物苦草冬芽所占的比例极低(2.05%)。由此可见,白鹤的食物组成已经发生变化,农作物已成为白鹤的重要食物来源。白鹤在农业用地中觅食使该物种的保护面临一系列问题,尤其是高强度的人为干扰,对此,提出了相应的保护措施,希望为白鹤提供安全、稳定的觅食环境。     

濒危植物浮叶慈姑遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用RAPD分子标记技术,对内蒙古二卡河(EK)和黑龙江库都尔(KDE)的浮叶慈姑居群进行了遗传多样性分析。 从60个随机引物中筛选出14个引物对2个居群共48个样品进行扩增,得到93条清晰的条带,其中70条具有多态性,即物 种水平上的多态位点百分率(PPB)为75.27%。POPGENE分析结果表明:二卡河居群的PPB为66.67%,库都尔居群的PPB 为72.04%。两个居群间基因分化系数(Gst)为0.0628,即遗传变异有很大一部分是来自居群内(93.72%)。结合相关的分析 表明生态学因素可能是浮叶慈姑濒危的主要原因。     

鄱阳湖自然保护区蚌湖和中湖池苦草冬芽的调查

1998年 1 2月对鄱阳湖自然保护区内蚌湖和中湖池苦草冬芽进行调查。苦草生活冬芽的平均长度为 3 .0 5± 0 .5 6 cm,平均直径为 0 .84± 0 .1 4cm,平均鲜重为 1 .0 3± 0 .3 0 g,平均干重为 0 .3 0± 0 .1 0 g,含水量为 70 .6 2 %。生活冬芽在蚌湖和中湖池的平均密度分别为 1 5 .8个 /m2和 2 4 .3个 /m2 。苦草冬芽在蚌湖的分布比较均匀 ,在中湖池各采样点的分布有显著差异 ,这种差异与不同采样点的基质状况有关。苦草生活冬芽在基质中分布最大深度为 3 5 cm,在0— 1 0 cm土层中所占比例最大 ;冬芽死亡数以 2 0— 3 0 cm土层中所占比例最大。冬芽分布深度对其以后的萌发有重要影响。